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- <text id=93TT0996>
- <title>
- Feb. 22, 1993: Reviews:Art
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
- Feb. 22, 1993 Uncle Bill Wants You
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- REVIEWS, Page 68
- ART
- Taking Back His Own Gods
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>By ROBERT HUGHES
- </p>
- <qt>
- <l>EXHIBIT: Wifredo Lam and His Contemporaries, 1938-1952</l>
- <l>WHERE: The Studio Museum In Harlem, New York City</l>
- <l>WHAT: 121 Paintings, Books and Other Objects</l>
- </qt>
- <p> THE BOTTOM LINE: The Cuban artist built a bridge between the
- Caribbean and the avant-gardes of Paris and New York.
- </p>
- <p> If you are intrigued by artists who, instead of ensconcing themselves
- securely in one frame of cultural reference, work at the interface
- of several, then you can't help feeling curious about Wifredo
- Lam. Lam died 11 years ago, after a lifetime spent moving between
- Paris, New York City and his native Cuba. But his work has rarely
- been shown in the past 20 years, and he is often treated as
- a peripheral figure on the margins of Surrealism and Abstract
- Expressionism.
- </p>
- <p> He was much more than that. Wifredo Lam and His Contemporaries,
- 1938-1952, at the Studio Museum in Harlem--the 25th anniversary
- show of that battling, indispensable institution--offers a
- rare chance to see his work in some depth. It isn't a full retrospective
- or anything like one: it leaves out Lam's youth and age and
- concentrates only on his middle years, especially those spent
- in Cuba. Its object is to sketch the kind of relations Lam set
- up between his Afro-Cuban heritage, the work of other Cuban
- artists, and the avant-gardes (the word still meant something
- in the '40s) of Paris and New York. Its catalog, with essays
- by Kinshasha Holman Conwill, Lowery Stokes Sims and others,
- does a fine job of explicating the roots and routes of this
- border crosser's life.
- </p>
- <p> Lam's ancestry might have been invented to demonstrate the remark
- of the Brazilian novelist Jorge Amado: Mestizaje es grandeza
- (Mixture is greatness). Lam's father was Chinese, his mother
- the daughter of a slave from the Congo. (Spain did not abandon
- slavery in its Caribbean colonies until 1886.) He grew up hearing
- African languages spoken all around him, and his godmother was
- a priestess of a Santeria cult, a hybrid form of Christianity
- and African worship.
- </p>
- <p> After academic studies in Havana, he went to Europe in 1923;
- presently he came to know Picasso (whose work strongly influenced
- him) and the Surrealists, who took him in as a member of their
- group. Another black painter who knew him in Paris claimed that
- Lam "forged the link between African sensibility and European
- tradition," and he wasn't exaggerating much. But in 1941, correctly
- surmising that a black Surrealist who had fought on the Republican
- side in the Spanish Civil War would have a short future under
- the Nazi occupation of France, Lam returned to Cuba; from there,
- his work became a cultural bridge between the Caribbean and
- New York.
- </p>
- <p> Lam wasn't by any means the only Latin American painter to make
- a mark in the Manhattan avant-garde of the '40s, but to see
- his place one needs to remember that the New York School of
- the '40s was not the exclusive pantheon of half a dozen Abstract
- Expressionist heroes that later critics and dealers made it
- seem. It was open and eclectic, perfused with Surrealist influence
- and much more curious about other cultures--particularly those
- of Latin America--than it would be 25 years later. Lam had
- a strong common interest with American painters who became his
- friends, such as Arshile Gorky, Jackson Pollock and Robert Motherwell:
- namely a fascination with totemism and the imagery of ritual.
- </p>
- <p> Lam's debts to Picasso raise a certain irony. Starting around
- 1907, Picasso got a whole repertoire of forms from African art;
- Lam took some of them--the shield masks, the displacement
- and distortion of limbs--as a means of reconnecting with his
- own African inheritance. He was not the first "provincial" to
- discover in Paris a means of using his local identity; he took
- what he needed (not only from Picasso but also from Max Ernst
- and much lesser figures like Hans Bellmer, and even from Jean
- Cocteau's hypermannered line drawings) to find what he was.
- Lam's version of Cubism was more illustrative than Picasso's.
- The figures in his best-known painting, The Jungle, 1943, are
- like renderings of sculpture standing in a space deduced from
- Cezanne.
- </p>
- <p> Two things, however, seem unique in Lam's work. One is its pervasive,
- melancholy tone of dreamy eroticism, metamorphosed into "presences"
- that would seem monstrous if they weren't essentially benign--horse-headed women, birdlike deities, masks conflated with
- breasts but equipped with phallic chins. The second is the persistence
- of religious motifs that no European artist was likely to grasp
- but that were of deep significance to Lam--the symbols of
- Santeria ceremonies. Why do Lam's women have heads like horses?
- Not, fundamentally, because of Picasso and Guernica but because
- in Santeria ceremonies the medium is known as a caballo, a "horse"
- carrying the spirit.
- </p>
- <p> Lam was no more a tribal artist than Picasso. But his primitivism
- came from inside, and part of the originality of his art lies
- in his effort to take back his gods from the man who, with such
- momentous consequences for art 30 years earlier, had appropriated
- them.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
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